{"title":"Longevity","description":"","products":[{"product_id":"mots-c-1","title":"MOTS-c","description":"\u003cdiv class=\"prod-section\"\u003e\n    \u003cdiv class=\"prod-section-label\"\u003e\n        \u003ci class=\"ti ti-file-description\"\u003e\u003c\/i\u003eResearch Background\n    \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n    \u003cp class=\"prod-para\"\u003e\n        MOTS-c (CAS 1627580-64-6; MW 1817.1 g\/mol; sequence MRWQEMGYIFYPRKLR) is a 16-amino acid peptide encoded not by nuclear DNA, but by the mitochondrial genome itself — within the 12S ribosomal RNA gene. Its discovery challenged the established view that mitochondria are passive ATP-producing organelles. MOTS-c is the first mitochondrial-derived peptide (MDP) demonstrated to translocate from mitochondria to the cell nucleus and directly regulate nuclear gene expression, placing it at the intersection of mitochondrial biology and nuclear gene regulation.\n    \u003c\/p\u003e\n\n    \u003cp class=\"prod-para\"\u003e\n        At the mechanistic level, MOTS-c activates AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) — the master cellular energy sensor — and inhibits the folate-methionine one-carbon metabolism pathway. This inhibition reduces energetically taxing de novo purine synthesis during metabolic stress, while AMPK activation redirects cellular resources toward fuel oxidation. Net effects in research models include: decreased oxygen consumption and reactive oxygen species (ROS); maintained mitochondrial membrane potential; improved insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism; and reduced intracellular metabolites linked to insulin resistance.\n    \u003c\/p\u003e\n\n    \u003cp class=\"prod-para\"\u003e\n        Exercise-mimetic properties have been characterized in research subject models — MOTS-c administration in sedentary animals produced metabolic gene expression patterns similar to exercise-trained animals, including upregulation of fatty acid oxidation pathways and mitochondrial biogenesis markers.\n    \u003c\/p\u003e\n\n    \u003cp class=\"prod-para\"\u003e\n        Protective effects against obesity, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, age-related sarcopenia, and all-cause mortality in multiple animal aging models have been documented, positioning MOTS-c as one of the most compelling longevity-focused research peptides currently available.\n    \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod-section\"\u003e\n    \u003cdiv class=\"prod-section-label\"\u003e\n        \u003ci class=\"ti ti-atom\"\u003e\u003c\/i\u003ePhysicochemical Data\n    \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n    \u003cdiv class=\"table-scroll\"\u003e\n        \u003ctable class=\"prod-table\"\u003e\n            \u003cthead\u003e\n                \u003ctr\u003e\n                    \u003cth\u003eCompound\u003c\/th\u003e\n                    \u003cth\u003eFormula\u003c\/th\u003e\n                    \u003cth\u003eMW\u003c\/th\u003e\n                    \u003cth\u003eCAS No.\u003c\/th\u003e\n                    \u003cth\u003eSequence \/ Structure\u003c\/th\u003e\n                    \u003cth\u003eReceptor \/ Target\u003c\/th\u003e\n                \u003c\/tr\u003e\n            \u003c\/thead\u003e\n\n            \u003ctbody\u003e\n                \u003ctr class=\"row-alt\"\u003e\n                    \u003ctd class=\"td-bold\"\u003eMOTS-c\u003c\/td\u003e\n                    \u003ctd\u003eC78H149N29O20\u003c\/td\u003e\n                    \u003ctd\u003e1817.1 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n                    \u003ctd\u003e1627580-64-6\u003c\/td\u003e\n                    \u003ctd\u003eMRWQEMGYIFYPRKLR — 16-AA mitochondrial 12S rRNA-encoded peptide\u003c\/td\u003e\n                    \u003ctd\u003eAMPK activator; mitochondria-to-nucleus retrograde signaling; exercise mimetic\u003c\/td\u003e\n                \u003c\/tr\u003e\n            \u003c\/tbody\u003e\n        \u003c\/table\u003e\n    \u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"General Peptide","offers":[{"title":"1 Vial","offer_id":50856790917367,"sku":null,"price":114.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"3 Vials","offer_id":50856790950135,"sku":null,"price":308.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"5 Vials","offer_id":50856790982903,"sku":null,"price":456.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0934\/1485\/0807\/files\/Mitochondrial_MOTS-c.jpg?v=1781177981"},{"product_id":"nad","title":"NAD+","description":"\u003cdiv class=\"prod-section\"\u003e\n    \u003cdiv class=\"prod-section-label\"\u003e\n        \u003ci class=\"ti ti-file-description\"\u003e\u003c\/i\u003eResearch Background\n    \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n    \u003cp class=\"prod-para\"\u003e\n        Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+; CAS 53-84-9; MW 663.4 g\/mol; C21H27N7O14P2) is a dinucleotide coenzyme present in every living cell — central to cellular energy metabolism, DNA repair, and cellular signaling. Its inclusion in the General Peptide research catalog reflects the central position NAD+ holds in current aging biology and metabolic research.\n    \u003c\/p\u003e\n\n    \u003cp class=\"prod-para\"\u003e\n        NAD+ serves as the electron carrier in the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, shuttling electrons as NADH to fuel the mitochondrial electron transport chain for ATP production. The discovery of NAD+ as the rate-limiting substrate for three major enzyme families elevated it to a central position in aging biology: Sirtuins (SIRT1-7) — class III histone deacetylases regulating chromatin remodeling, DNA repair, metabolic gene expression, circadian rhythm maintenance, and mitochondrial biogenesis. SIRT1 and SIRT3 are particularly well-characterized, with loss-of-function associated with accelerated aging phenotypes. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) — enzymes that detect DNA damage and initiate repair, consuming NAD+ in the process. DNA damage-induced PARP activation can rapidly deplete cellular NAD+ pools. CD38 and CD157 ADP-ribosyl cyclases — NAD+-consuming enzymes involved in calcium signaling and inflammatory signaling whose expression increases with age and inflammatory states.\n    \u003c\/p\u003e\n\n    \u003cp class=\"prod-para\"\u003e\n        The critical observation is that NAD+ levels decline substantially with age across tissues and species — skeletal muscle, liver, and brain NAD+ content in old animals is 40-60% lower than in young animals. This decline is now understood to be mechanistically linked to multiple aging phenotypes including mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired DNA repair, metabolic syndrome, neurodegeneration, and immunosenescence.\n    \u003c\/p\u003e\n\n    \u003cp class=\"prod-para\"\u003e\n        The 750mg vial format reflects NAD+ use in large-animal and multi-protocol research designs where substantial total quantities are required.\n    \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod-section\"\u003e\n    \u003cdiv class=\"prod-section-label\"\u003e\n        \u003ci class=\"ti ti-atom\"\u003e\u003c\/i\u003ePhysicochemical Data\n    \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n    \u003cdiv class=\"table-scroll\"\u003e\n        \u003ctable class=\"prod-table\"\u003e\n            \u003cthead\u003e\n                \u003ctr\u003e\n                    \u003cth\u003eCompound\u003c\/th\u003e\n                    \u003cth\u003eFormula\u003c\/th\u003e\n                    \u003cth\u003eMW\u003c\/th\u003e\n                    \u003cth\u003eCAS No.\u003c\/th\u003e\n                    \u003cth\u003eSequence \/ Structure\u003c\/th\u003e\n                    \u003cth\u003eReceptor \/ Target\u003c\/th\u003e\n                \u003c\/tr\u003e\n            \u003c\/thead\u003e\n\n            \u003ctbody\u003e\n                \u003ctr class=\"row-alt\"\u003e\n                    \u003ctd class=\"td-bold\"\u003eNAD+\u003c\/td\u003e\n                    \u003ctd\u003eC21H27N7O14P2\u003c\/td\u003e\n                    \u003ctd\u003e663.4 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n                    \u003ctd\u003e53-84-9\u003c\/td\u003e\n                    \u003ctd\u003eNicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (oxidized form)\u003c\/td\u003e\n                    \u003ctd\u003eCoenzyme; SIRT1-7 substrate; PARP substrate; CD38 substrate; mitochondrial electron carrier\u003c\/td\u003e\n                \u003c\/tr\u003e\n            \u003c\/tbody\u003e\n        \u003c\/table\u003e\n    \u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"General Peptide","offers":[{"title":"1 Vial","offer_id":50856794685687,"sku":null,"price":46.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"3 Vials","offer_id":50856794718455,"sku":null,"price":125.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"5 Vials","offer_id":50856794751223,"sku":null,"price":184.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0934\/1485\/0807\/files\/Longevity_NAD.jpg?v=1781178885"},{"product_id":"dsip-delta-sleep-inducing-peptide","title":"DSIP (Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide)","description":"\u003cdiv class=\"prod-section\"\u003e    \u003cdiv class=\"prod-section-label\"\u003e        \u003ci class=\"ti ti-file-description\"\u003e\u003c\/i\u003eResearch Background    \u003c\/div\u003e    \u003cp class=\"prod-para\"\u003e        DSIP (Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide) is a 9-amino acid neuropeptide (WAGGDASGE; CAS 62568-57-4; MW 849.9 g\/mol) first isolated from the cerebral venous blood of sleeping rabbits. It is associated with the promotion of EEG delta wave activity and circadian rhythm normalization, and has been incorporated into the Khavinson longevity protocol alongside Epithalon and Thymalin in investigations of healthy aging. Preclinical studies have also explored its potential roles in growth hormone release, luteinizing hormone regulation, antioxidant activity, and adaptive responses to physiological stress.    \u003c\/p\u003e    \u003cp class=\"prod-para\"\u003e        This naturally occurring neuropeptide appears to influence multiple biological pathways involved in sleep-wake regulation, neuroendocrine signaling, and stress adaptation. Unlike compounds that induce sedation through direct GABAergic activity, DSIP has been investigated for its ability to support the physiological processes associated with delta wave sleep, the deepest stage of non-rapid eye movement sleep linked to restoration and recovery.    \u003c\/p\u003e    \u003cp class=\"prod-para\"\u003e        In research settings, DSIP has demonstrated the ability to modulate neurotransmitter systems involving GABA, glutamate, and monoamines while influencing hypothalamic-pituitary axis activity. Experimental findings suggest effects on nocturnal growth hormone release, luteinizing hormone secretion, and antioxidant defense mechanisms that may help protect neural tissues from oxidative stress. The peptide's WAGGDASGE sequence exhibits relative enzymatic resistance, contributing to greater stability compared with many naturally occurring neuropeptides.    \u003c\/p\u003e    \u003cp class=\"prod-para\"\u003e        DSIP's inclusion within the Khavinson longevity framework reflects growing interest in the relationship between sleep quality, circadian rhythm integrity, and healthy aging. Its broad effects on sleep architecture, neuroendocrine regulation, and stress resilience make it a useful research tool for exploring the interconnected pathways linking sleep, metabolism, and longevity.    \u003c\/p\u003e    \u003cdiv class=\"prod-table-wrap\"\u003e        \u003ctable class=\"prod-table\"\u003e            \u003cthead\u003e                \u003ctr\u003e                    \u003cth\u003eCompound\u003c\/th\u003e                    \u003cth\u003eMW \/ Formula\u003c\/th\u003e                    \u003cth\u003eCAS No.\u003c\/th\u003e                    \u003cth\u003eSequence \/ Structure\u003c\/th\u003e                    \u003cth\u003eReceptor \/ Target\u003c\/th\u003e                \u003c\/tr\u003e            \u003c\/thead\u003e            \u003ctbody\u003e                \u003ctr\u003e                    \u003ctd\u003eDSIP\u003c\/td\u003e                    \u003ctd\u003eC35H48N10O15 \/ 849.9 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e                    \u003ctd\u003e62568-57-4\u003c\/td\u003e                    \u003ctd\u003eWAGGDASGE — 9-amino acid neuropeptide\u003c\/td\u003e                    \u003ctd\u003eDelta wave promoter; circadian regulator; GH-releasing; stress-protective\u003c\/td\u003e                \u003c\/tr\u003e            \u003c\/tbody\u003e        \u003c\/table\u003e    \u003c\/div\u003e    \n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"General Peptide","offers":[{"title":"1 Vial","offer_id":50856849015031,"sku":null,"price":52.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"3 Vials","offer_id":50856849047799,"sku":null,"price":141.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"5 Vials","offer_id":50856849080567,"sku":null,"price":208.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0934\/1485\/0807\/files\/Longevity_DSIP-_Delta-Sleep-Inducing-Peptide.jpg?v=1781183166"},{"product_id":"epithalon","title":"Epithalon","description":"\u003cdiv class=\"prod-section\"\u003e\n    \u003cdiv class=\"prod-section-label\"\u003e\n        \u003ci class=\"ti ti-file-description\"\u003e\u003c\/i\u003eResearch Background\n    \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n    \u003cp class=\"prod-para\"\u003e\n        Epithalon (Epitalon; CAS 307297-39-8; MW 390.4 g\/mol; C14H22N4O9; sequence Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly \/ AEDG) is a synthetic tetrapeptide modeled after Epithalamin, a naturally occurring polypeptide fraction secreted by the pineal gland's epithalamus region. It was developed and characterized by Professor Vladimir Khavinson and colleagues at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology over a research program spanning more than four decades.\n    \u003c\/p\u003e\n\n    \u003cp class=\"prod-para\"\u003e\n        As a four-amino acid peptide, Epithalon is among the smallest and most chemically stable compounds in the General Peptide catalog. Its minimal molecular footprint belies biological activity extending across cellular, endocrine, and systems-level aging mechanisms.\n    \u003c\/p\u003e\n\n    \u003cp class=\"prod-para\"\u003e\n        The primary and best-characterized mechanism is telomerase (hTERT) activation in somatic cells. Telomerase is the ribonucleoprotein enzyme responsible for adding telomeric DNA repeats to chromosome ends — an activity normally silenced in most adult somatic cells, allowing telomere shortening with each cell division. As telomeres erode below a critical threshold, cells enter replicative senescence or apoptosis — a central mechanism of tissue aging. Epithalon documented ability to activate hTERT in somatic cells, elongating telomeres and extending replicative lifespan in cell culture models, has made it one of the most studied tools in telomere biology research.\n    \u003c\/p\u003e\n\n    \u003cp class=\"prod-para\"\u003e\n        Beyond telomerase, Epithalon exerts multi-level regulatory effects on the pineal gland: it normalizes melatonin secretion patterns (which decline and dysregulate with aging), restores circadian rhythm entrainment, and modulates FSH and LH gonadotropin levels. Antioxidant activity — both direct and via upregulation of antioxidant enzymes — has been documented across multiple tissues. Khavinson's longitudinal studies showed long-term Epithalon administration in elderly research subject, monkey, and human subjects was associated with significantly extended lifespan, reduced cancer incidence, reduced cardiovascular disease, and improved cognitive function.\n    \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"prod-section\"\u003e\n    \u003cdiv class=\"prod-section-label\"\u003e\n        \u003ci class=\"ti ti-atom\"\u003e\u003c\/i\u003ePhysicochemical Data\n    \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n    \u003cdiv class=\"table-scroll\"\u003e\n        \u003ctable class=\"prod-table\"\u003e\n            \u003cthead\u003e\n                \u003ctr\u003e\n                    \u003cth\u003eCompound\u003c\/th\u003e\n                    \u003cth\u003eFormula\u003c\/th\u003e\n                    \u003cth\u003eMW\u003c\/th\u003e\n                    \u003cth\u003eCAS No.\u003c\/th\u003e\n                    \u003cth\u003eSequence \/ Structure\u003c\/th\u003e\n                    \u003cth\u003eReceptor \/ Target\u003c\/th\u003e\n                \u003c\/tr\u003e\n            \u003c\/thead\u003e\n\n            \u003ctbody\u003e\n                \u003ctr class=\"row-alt\"\u003e\n                    \u003ctd class=\"td-bold\"\u003eEpithalon (Epitalon)\u003c\/td\u003e\n                    \u003ctd\u003eC14H22N4O9\u003c\/td\u003e\n                    \u003ctd\u003e390.4 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e\n                    \u003ctd\u003e307297-39-8\u003c\/td\u003e\n                    \u003ctd\u003eAla-Glu-Asp-Gly (AEDG) — pineal tetrapeptide\u003c\/td\u003e\n                    \u003ctd\u003ehTERT telomerase activator; melatonin\/circadian regulator; antioxidant\u003c\/td\u003e\n                \u003c\/tr\u003e\n            \u003c\/tbody\u003e\n        \u003c\/table\u003e\n    \u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"General Peptide","offers":[{"title":"1 Vial","offer_id":50856852226295,"sku":null,"price":95.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"3 Vials","offer_id":50856852259063,"sku":null,"price":257.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"5 Vials","offer_id":50856852291831,"sku":null,"price":380.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0934\/1485\/0807\/files\/Longevity_Epithalon.jpg?v=1781184138"},{"product_id":"thymalin","title":"Thymalin","description":"\u003cdiv class=\"prod-section\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"prod-section-label\"\u003e \u003ci class=\"ti ti-file-description\"\u003e\u003c\/i\u003eResearch Background \u003c\/div\u003e \u003cp class=\"prod-para\"\u003e Thymalin (Thymulin; CAS 66017-93-4; MW 857.9 g\/mol) is a 9-amino acid polypeptide bioregulator produced by the thymus gland, distinct from Thymosin Alpha-1 in mechanism and profile. While Thymosin Alpha-1 modulates T-cell function directly, Thymalin acts as a broader thymic bioregulator, restoring thymic microenvironment function, normalizing T-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte counts, and reducing markers of inflammaging. Khavinson's 6-year human study using Thymalin + Epithalon showed 41% increased average lifespan vs. controls and over 75% reduction in age-related disease incidence. Thymalin fills the immune aging slot in the canonical four-target longevity stack (telomere maintenance + mitochondrial function + senescence clearance + immune aging). \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"prod-para\"\u003e This zinc-dependent nonapeptide functions as a thymic hormone essential for T-cell differentiation and immune system maturation. Unlike direct T-cell modulators, Thymalin works at the organ level to restore thymic architecture and function, addressing the age-related thymic involution that underlies immunosenescence. The peptide requires zinc for biological activity, forming a coordination complex critical for receptor binding and signal transduction. \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"prod-para\"\u003e In research applications, Thymalin demonstrates ability to normalize both T-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte populations, restoring immune balance without overstimulation. The peptide reduces chronic low-grade inflammation characteristic of aging (inflammaging) while enhancing immune surveillance and response capacity. This dual action on immune cell populations and inflammatory tone makes it valuable for investigating immune aging, autoimmunity, and age-related disease prevention. \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"prod-para\"\u003e The landmark Khavinson clinical study provides compelling human data supporting Thymalin's role in longevity research. When combined with Epithalon in a comprehensive protocol targeting multiple aging hallmarks, the combination demonstrated unprecedented lifespan extension and disease reduction, establishing Thymalin as a cornerstone of evidence-based peptide longevity research. \u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"prod-section\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"prod-section-label\"\u003e \u003ci class=\"ti ti-atom\"\u003e\u003c\/i\u003ePhysicochemical Data \u003c\/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"table-scroll\"\u003e \u003ctable class=\"prod-table\"\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth\u003eCompound\u003c\/th\u003e \u003cth\u003eMW \/ Formula\u003c\/th\u003e \u003cth\u003eCAS No.\u003c\/th\u003e \u003cth\u003eSequence \/ Structure\u003c\/th\u003e \u003cth\u003eReceptor \/ Target\u003c\/th\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003c\/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr class=\"row-alt\"\u003e \u003ctd class=\"td-bold\"\u003eThymalin (Thymulin)\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003eC33H54N12O18Zn \/ 857.9 g\/mol (Zn complex)\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e66017-93-4\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e9-AA thymic polypeptide bioregulator; zinc-dependent activity\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003eThymic microenvironment regulator; T\/B-lymphocyte normalizer; anti-inflammatory\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003c\/tbody\u003e \u003c\/table\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"General Peptide","offers":[{"title":"1 Vial","offer_id":50856853045495,"sku":null,"price":37.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"3 Vials","offer_id":50856853078263,"sku":null,"price":100.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"5 Vials","offer_id":50856853111031,"sku":null,"price":148.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0934\/1485\/0807\/files\/Longevity_Thymalin.jpg?v=1781186695"},{"product_id":"ss-31-elamipretide","title":"SS-31 (Elamipretide)","description":"\u003cdiv class=\"prod-section\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"prod-section-label\"\u003e \u003ci class=\"ti ti-file-description\"\u003e\u003c\/i\u003eResearch Background \u003c\/div\u003e \u003cp class=\"prod-para\"\u003e SS-31 (Elamipretide; D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2; CAS 736992-21-5; MW 639.8 g\/mol) is a D-amino acid tetrapeptide designed to selectively target the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) by electrostatic interaction with cardiolipin — a phospholipid critical to cristae structure and electron transport chain efficiency. SS-31 accumulates at ~10,000× greater concentration at the IMM than in cytoplasm, where it reduces mitochondrial ROS production, stabilizes cardiolipin against peroxidation, and prevents the cristae remodeling that impairs ATP synthesis in aging and disease. Phase II clinical trials in heart failure (PROGRESS-HF) and Barth syndrome document meaningful mechanistic engagement in humans. \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"prod-para\"\u003e This mitochondria-targeted peptide functions through a unique cardiolipin-binding mechanism, concentrating specifically at the inner mitochondrial membrane where it exerts protective effects on mitochondrial structure and function. The D-amino acid configuration, particularly D-Arg, provides exceptional proteolytic stability and enables the peptide to reach mitochondrial targets without degradation. The dimethyltyrosine (Dmt) residue serves as the active site for ROS scavenging and cardiolipin interaction. \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"prod-para\"\u003e In research applications, SS-31 demonstrates ability to preserve mitochondrial cristae architecture, reduce reactive oxygen species production at the source, and maintain electron transport chain efficiency under stress conditions. By stabilizing cardiolipin — the signature phospholipid of the inner mitochondrial membrane — SS-31 prevents the membrane remodeling and permeability changes that characterize mitochondrial dysfunction in aging, neurodegeneration, and metabolic disease. \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"prod-para\"\u003e The peptide's selective accumulation in mitochondria (10,000:1 ratio vs. cytoplasm) makes it an exceptionally precise research tool for investigating mitochondrial-specific interventions without off-target cytoplasmic effects. Clinical trials in heart failure and mitochondrial diseases provide human translational data supporting its mechanism of action. \u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"prod-section\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"prod-section-label\"\u003e \u003ci class=\"ti ti-atom\"\u003e\u003c\/i\u003ePhysicochemical Data \u003c\/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"table-scroll\"\u003e \u003ctable class=\"prod-table\"\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth\u003eCompound\u003c\/th\u003e \u003cth\u003eMW \/ Formula\u003c\/th\u003e \u003cth\u003eCAS No.\u003c\/th\u003e \u003cth\u003eSequence \/ Structure\u003c\/th\u003e \u003cth\u003eReceptor \/ Target\u003c\/th\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003c\/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr class=\"row-alt\"\u003e \u003ctd class=\"td-bold\"\u003eSS-31 (Elamipretide)\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003eC32H49N7O5 \/ 639.8 g\/mol\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e736992-21-5\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003eD-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2 (D-amino acid tetrapeptide)\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003eCardiolipin stabilizer; inner mitochondrial membrane ROS scavenger; cristae protector\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003c\/tbody\u003e \u003c\/table\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"General Peptide","offers":[{"title":"1 Vial","offer_id":50856853635319,"sku":null,"price":55.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"3 Vials","offer_id":50856853668087,"sku":null,"price":149.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"5 Vials","offer_id":50856853700855,"sku":null,"price":220.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0934\/1485\/0807\/files\/Longevity_SS-31-_Elamipretide.jpg?v=1781186958"}],"url":"https:\/\/generalpeptide.com\/collections\/longevity.oembed","provider":"General Peptide","version":"1.0","type":"link"}